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    <meta property="description" content="大家好，我是煎鱼。
有一个读者刚入门 Go ，提了一个很有意思的问题：Go 有几种种声明变量的方式，作为初学者，到底用哪种，有什么区别，又为什么要有多种声明方式呢？
为此，煎鱼将和大家一起探索这个问题。
[&amp;hellip;] 在 Go 中，一共有 2 种变量声明的方式，各有不同的使用场景。
分别是：
[&amp;hellip;] 变量声明创建了一个或多个变量，为它们绑定了相应的标识符，并给每个变量一个类型 &amp;hellip;">
    <meta property="og:description" content="大家好，我是煎鱼。
有一个读者刚入门 Go ，提了一个很有意思的问题：Go 有几种种声明变量的方式，作为初学者，到底用哪种，有什么区别，又为什么要有多种声明方式呢？
为此，煎鱼将和大家一起探索这个问题。
[&amp;hellip;] 在 Go 中，一共有 2 种变量声明的方式，各有不同的使用场景。
分别是：
[&amp;hellip;] 变量声明创建了一个或多个变量，为它们绑定了相应的标识符，并给每个变量一个类型 &amp;hellip;">
    






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                                        <h2 class="post-title">
                                            <a href="/posts/posts/go/var/">为什么 Go 有两种声明变量的方式，有什么区别，哪种好？</a>
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                                        <div class="post-byline">Published on
                                            <a class="date" href="javascript:;">2022/02/05</a>
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                        
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                                        <p>大家好，我是煎鱼。</p>
<p>有一个读者刚入门 Go ，提了一个很有意思的问题：Go 有几种种声明变量的方式，作为初学者，到底用哪种，有什么区别，又为什么要有多种声明方式呢？</p>
<p>为此，煎鱼将和大家一起探索这个问题。</p>
<h2 id="变量声明">变量声明</h2>
<p>在 Go 中，一共有 2 种变量声明的方式，各有不同的使用场景。</p>
<p>分别是：</p>
<ul>
<li>标准变量声明（Variable declarations）。</li>
<li>简短变量声明（Short variable declarations）</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="标准声明">标准声明</h3>
<p>变量声明创建了一个或多个变量，为它们绑定了相应的标识符，并给每个变量一个类型和初始值。</p>
<p>使用语法：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">VarDecl</span>     = <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;var&#34;</span> ( <span style="color:#a6e22e">VarSpec</span> | <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;(&#34;</span> { <span style="color:#a6e22e">VarSpec</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;;&#34;</span> } <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;)&#34;</span> ) .
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">VarSpec</span>     = <span style="color:#a6e22e">IdentifierList</span> ( <span style="color:#a6e22e">Type</span> [ <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;=&#34;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ExpressionList</span> ] | <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;=&#34;</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ExpressionList</span> ) .
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>案例代码：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">U</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">V</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">W</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">float64</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">k</span> = <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">x</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">y</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">float32</span> = <span style="color:#f92672">-</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span>, <span style="color:#f92672">-</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">2</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> (
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>       <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = <span style="color:#ae81ff">1.0</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2.0</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;脑子进煎鱼了&#34;</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>)
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="简短声明">简短声明</h3>
<p>一个短变量声明。使用语法：</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code>ShortVarDecl = IdentifierList &#34;:=&#34; ExpressionList .
</code></pre><p>案例代码：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;煎鱼进脑子了&#34;</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">j</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">0</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">10</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">f</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">func</span>() <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span> { <span style="color:#66d9ef">return</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">7</span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">ch</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> make(<span style="color:#66d9ef">chan</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">r</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">w</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Pipe</span>()
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">y</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">_</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">coord</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">p</span>) 
</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="网友疑惑">网友疑惑</h2>
<p>在我们群里的 Go 读者提了这问题后，我也搜了搜相关资料。发现在 stackoverflow 上也有人提出了类似的疑惑：</p>
<p><img src="https://files.mdnice.com/user/3610/ff663b2b-d65a-4969-b5bb-03bc81a247b5.png" alt=""></p>
<p>问题是：使用哪一种声明方式，令人困惑。</p>
<p>题主纠结的原因在于：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果一个只是另一个的速记方式，为什么它们的行为会不同？</li>
<li>Go 的作者出于什么考虑，让两种方式来声明一个变量（为什么不把它们合并成一种方式）？只是为了迷惑我们？</li>
<li>有没有其他方面需要我在使用时留心的，以防掉进坑里？</li>
</ul>
<p>下面我们结合 stackoverflow 的这个提问内容和回答，进一步展开。</p>
<p>思考一下：标准声明和短声明，这两者的区别的在哪那里，又或是凭喜好随意使用？</p>
<h2 id="区别在哪">区别在哪</h2>
<h3 id="代码块的分组声明">代码块的分组声明</h3>
<p>使用包含关键字 var 的声明语法时，和其他 package、import、const、type、var 等关键字一样，是可以进行分组的代码块声明的。</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> (
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>       <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">u</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">v</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> = <span style="color:#ae81ff">1.0</span>, <span style="color:#ae81ff">2.0</span>, <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;脑子进煎鱼了&#34;</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>)
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>而短声明，是不支持的。</p>
<h3 id="变量的初始值指定">变量的初始值指定</h3>
<p>使用标准的变量定义时，我们可以只声明，不主动地定义该变量的初始值（缺省会给零值）。</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> (
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">i</span>    <span style="color:#66d9ef">int</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>	<span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span>    <span style="color:#66d9ef">string</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>)
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>而短声明则不行，必须要在程序中主动地去对变量定义一个值。</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">s</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;脑子进煎鱼了&#34;</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>此处即使是定义的空字符串，那也属于是用户侧主动定义的，而非缺省的零值。</p>
<h3 id="局部变量区分作用域">局部变量，区分作用域</h3>
<p>在编写程序时，我们经常会有一些局部变量声明，且作用域是有限的。</p>
<p>可以看看自己的代码，这种时候，我们都会采取短声明的方式。</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">for</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">idx</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">value</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">range</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">array</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>    <span style="color:#75715e">// Do something with index and value
</span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#75715e"></span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">num</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">runtime</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">NumCPU</span>(); <span style="color:#a6e22e">num</span> &gt; <span style="color:#ae81ff">1</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">fmt</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Println</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;Multicore CPU, cores:&#34;</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">num</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>短声明在这类场景下有明确的优势，标准的变量声明在这类场景不讨好。</p>
<h3 id="重新声明变量">重新声明变量</h3>
<p>在 Go 语言规范中有明确提到，短变量声明是可以重新声明变量的，这是一个高频重新声明的覆盖动作。</p>
<p>如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">var</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">name</span> = <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;煎鱼.txt&#34;</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">fi</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">os</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Stat</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">name</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">log</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Fatal</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a6e22e">data</span>, <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">:=</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">ioutil</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">ReadFile</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">name</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#66d9ef">if</span> <span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span> <span style="color:#f92672">!=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">nil</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>    <span style="color:#a6e22e">log</span>.<span style="color:#a6e22e">Fatal</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">err</span>)
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#f92672">...</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>上述代码中，err 变量就是不断地被反复定义。在 <code>if err != nil</code> 猖狂的现在，短变量在此处的优势，简直是大杀器了。</p>
<h2 id="总结">总结</h2>
<p>相信很多小伙伴初入门时都为此纠结过一下，又或是很多教程压根就没有说清楚两者变量声明的区别。</p>
<p>在今天这篇文章中，我们介绍了 Go 的两种变量声明放水。并且针对短声明存在的场景进行了说明。</p>
<p>主要是：</p>
<ul>
<li>代码块的分组声明。</li>
<li>变量的初始值指定。</li>
<li>局部变量，区分作用域。</li>
<li>重新声明变量。</li>
</ul>
<p>你觉得变量声明上，还有没有别的优缺点呢，欢迎在评论区交流：）</p>
<h2 id="参考">参考</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.tutorialandexample.com/golang-variable-declaration/">GoLang Variable Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27919359/why-there-are-two-ways-of-declaring-variables-in-go-whats-the-difference-and-w">Why there are two ways of declaring variables in Go, what&rsquo;s the difference and which to use?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-best-practice-when-declaring-variables-in-go-golang-E-G-should-I-use-var-x-int-1-or-just-x-1">What is the best practice when declaring variables in go (golang)? E.G. should I use &ldquo;var x int = 1&rdquo; or just &ldquo;x := 1&rdquo;?</a></li>
</ul>


                                        
                                        
                                        
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